Coabsorbent and Thermal Recovery Compression Heat Pumping Technologies
Autor: Mihail-Dan Staicovici
Editura: Springer
Seria: Heat and Mass Transfer
Format: 16x24 cm
Nr. pagini: 532
Coperta: legata
ISBN: 978-3-642-54683-9
Anul aparitiei: 2014
PREFACE:
The made by the arm of man production of cooling and heating is amongst the energy processes of vital importance today in all domains of human activity, technology, food, health, social, research, etc. Also, the global population increase, the limited energy resources, and the accelerated global warming process, has forced people involved in the energy industry to find rapid solutions, much more effective in cooling and heating. Bearing these in mind, a recent research activity of the author of this book has brought to light new solutions, enjoying a high potential in primary energy saving, which can be applied immediately, without long-term research.
After an introductory part, providing the reader with the selected topic on thermodynamics, this book presents briefly the most relevant theoretical aspects of this research. Reference is first made to the coabsorbent technology. Although the coabsorbent technology bases on the classic absorption technology, it is more general. The coabsorbent technology can find effective solutions, practically for all kinds of heat pumping (cooling and/or heating) applications, met in industry, agriculture, district, household, etc., provided that two supplying sources with temperatures outdistanced by minimum (12-15) °C are available. It is mostly indicated that the coabsorbent technology be utilized in applications that recover free low-grade heat sources, coming of naturally, or from the industry technological processes. The book describes, in this respect, the new coabsorbent cycles, of nontruncated, truncated, hybrid truncated and multi-effect type, with applications in cooling (industrial, medium, and air conditioning) and heating (domestic warm water, house heating, and industrial). The operation in cogeneration of cooling and heating and in trigeneration of mechanical work, cooling and heating working modes of some coabsorbent cycles with special design is also presented. The first principle recommendation of improving cycle COP through internal sensible and latent heat recovery has been constantly taken into consideration in the cycle design. A new, important, and very useful tool of investigation for the absorption processes heat exchange, the divided device method, is introduced. This method has been applied extensively to absorption processes suffering latent-sensible or latent-latent heat transfer processes. In this respect, with its help, a thorough study of the generation-absorption (gax) recovery taking place at large intervals with temperature overlapping, and the results thereof, are given for the cooling and heating truncated cycles operating with ammonia-water and water-lithium bromide working combinations.
The theoretical presentation is completed by chapters giving the thermodynamical ideal limits of the cooling and heating coabsorbent cycles and showing the way the exergy efficiency of these cycles should be computed when the exergy balance is extended on boundaries comprising not only the processes at hand, but their different supplying sources of energy as well. Particular attention has also been paid to emphasize the second principle recommendations of improving the COP.
The second technology refers to cooling and/or heating production using the mechanical vapor compression. This technology is the most widespread in the world today, occupying the first place in what concerns the number of applications and the cooling and heating capacity. As compared to the classic cycles, this technology proposes as novelty, the recovery of the discharge gas superheating, with positive energy consequences. The discharge gas superheat recovery is converted into useful issues with the help of two methods. According to the first, the heat is converted into work which diminishes the compressor work input, and is termed thermal-to-work recovery compression (TWRC). According to the second, the heat is converted into useful cooling and/or heating effect, added to the cycle output effect via the coabsorbent technology, and is termed thermal-to-thermal recovery compression (TTRC). Other important aspects concerning the TWRC and TTRC methods, including the theoretical and ideal COP calculation, the choice of the recovery compression cycles, cycles structure solutions, the coabsorbent technology use in TTRC application, and the computation of the optimum intermediary pressures of multi-stage compression, are given as well. The methods are analyzed for single-, two-, and three-stage compression cooling and heating cycles, and the
model effectiveness results are given.
Next, the book includes the author’s own researches concerning fundamental aspects of the absorption processes, in completion of the coabsorbent technology. First, reference is made to a non-equilibrium phenomenological theory of mass and heat transfer in physical and chemical interactions. This theory postulates the existence of the natural forces governing the physical and chemical interactions and brings to light the ideal point approaching effect suffered by a natural force in the proximity of an ideal point (the denomination of the classic equilibrium point in the phenomenological approach). With the help of this new effect it was possible to explain phenomena which otherwise were difficult to be explained by the classic theory of mass and heat transfer (e.g. the problem of the ammonia bubble absorption, why an absorption process is a mass phenomenon and not a surface one, or the heat pipe high heat transfer properties). Based on the non-equilibrium phenomenological approach, a two-point theory (TPT) of mass and heat transfer is proposed, where the equilibrium point and the ideal point play an important role in the non-coupled and the coupled mass and heat transfer, respectively.
Further on, a new wording of the Laplace equation, more general than the already known wording, and the variational numerical and analytical approach of the liquid capillary rise effect are presented. In the last part of the book, the Marangoni convection basic mechanism explanation is given. The Marangoni convection stimulation is a means of increasing the mass and heat transfer, generally, and particularly in the absorption interactions. Its true explanation is a consequence of the le Chatelier principle respect and is done with the help of the new Laplace equation and the TPT. In order to increase the mass and heat transfer of the pseudo-Marangoni cells, a Marangoni—Gravity Forces Dimensionless Criterion, created with the help of TPT, is applied and effective absorption-desorption mass and heat exchangers with horizontal free surfaces are proposed.
Mihail-Dan Staicovici
CONTENTS:
1 Introduction 1
1.1 First and Second Principles of Thermodynamics 1
1.1.1 Ideal (Perfect) Gas Laws 2
1.1.2 Ideal Gas State Equation 4
1.1.3 Mixtures 4
1.1.4 Specific Heat 5
1.1.5 First Principle of Thermodynamics (Robert Mayer 1842) 6
1.1.6 Second Principle of Thermodynamics (Sadi Carnot 1824) 12
1.2 Exergy and Anergy. Heat Exergy. Exergy of Closed Systems. Exergy of Open Systems. Relationship Between Exergy Dissipation and Entropy Creation. Non-equilibrium Linear Phenomenological Connection Between Generalized Forces and Currents. 24
1.2.1 Heat Exergy 24
1.2.2 Exergy of Closed Systems 27
1.2.3 Exergy of Open Systems. Relationship Between Exergy Dissipation and Entropy Creation 29
1.2.4 Non-equilibrium Linear Phenomenological Connection Between Generalized Forces and Currents 33
1.3 Equilibrium of Thermodynamic Systems and Phase Transformations 34
1.3.1 Thermodynamic Stability and Equilibrium 35
1.3.2 Equilibrium Conditions of a Homogeneous Isolated System. TPT Equilibrium Point and Static Equilibrium 38
1.3.3 Phase Equilibrium Conditions of Monocomponent and Binary Systems. TPT Ideal Point and Dynamic Equilibrium 40
1.3.4 Phase Transformations. Gibbs Rule of Phases 43
1.3.5 Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 45
1.4 Absorption Heat Pumping Selected Topic 46
1.4.1 Absorption Cycle Introduction 46
1.4.2 Basic Absorption Cycles 49
1.4.3 Ideal Cycles 49
1.4.4 Selected Topic of Solutions Thermodynamics 53
1.4.5 Condensation and Evaporation of Binary Mixtures 54
1.4.6 Dissolution (Mixing) Heat of Binary Mixtures 57
1.4.7 Absorption Cycle Charts 63
1.4.8 Working Fluid-Absorbent Mixtures Model 69
References 80
2 Mass and Heat Exchange Analysis of the Absorption Processes: The Divided Device Method 83
2.1 Heat Exchange Analysis of Isobar Absorption Processes with Gliding Temperature 83
2.2 The Divided Device Method for Isobar Absorption Processes Heat Exchange Assessment 88
References 92
3 Coabsorbent Cycles 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Nontruncated Heating and Cooling Coabsorbent Cycles 93
3.2.1 Nontruncated Cooling Coabsorbent Cycle 94
3.2.2 Nontruncated Heating (Heat Transformer) Coabsorbent Cycle 127
3.2.3 Cycle Change of Place 130
3.2.4 Nontruncated Coabsorbent-Condensing Cycle 131
3.2.5 Non-isobar Nontruncated Coabsorbent Cycles 134
References 168
4 A Few New Coabsorbent Cycle Configurations: The Internal Composition and the Coabsorbent Cycle Truncation 171
4.1 Balance (Fractal) Truncation of the Coabsorbent Cycle 175
4.1.1 Cooling Cycle 176
4.1.2 Heating Cycle 178
4.1.3 Truncation Theory 179
4.1.4 Truncation Columns, Common-Column Cycles, Column Cycles, Reverse Truncated Cycles and Fractals Symbolic Representation 187
4.2 Model of Cooling and Heating Truncated Cycles 192
4.2.1 Gax Use in “Acr” Provided Truncated Coabsorbent Cycles 195
4.2.2 Model Results of Cooling Truncated Coabsorbent Cycles 220
4.2.3 Model Results of Heating Truncated Coabsorbent Cycles 227
4.2.4 Auxiliary Mechanical Work Consumption in Truncated Cycles 232
4.3 Hybrid Truncation of the Coabsorbent Cycle 234
4.3.1 Hybrid Simple Truncated Cooling Cycles 238
4.3.2 Hybrid Simple Truncated Heating Cycles 240
References 247
5 Effectiveness of Coabsorbent Cycles and Cascades According to First and Second Principles of Thermodynamics 249
5.1 Cooling Fractal (Nontruncated Cycle) COP 249
5.2 Heating Fractal (Nontruncated Cycle) COP 250
5.3 Truncated Cooling Fractal COP 252
5.4 Truncated Heating Fractal COP 253
5.5 Hybrid Cooling Fractal COP 255
5.6 Hybrid Heating Fractal COP 258
5.7 COP of Hybrid Cooling and Heating Fractals Cascades 261
5.7.1 Deep Cooling Cascade Study Case 268
5.7.2 Cold Region Heating Cascade Study Case 269
References 269
6 External Coabsorbent Cycle Composition 271
6.1 The Pressure-Stages Multi-Effect Coabsorbent Cooling Cycle (PSMECCC) Thermal Analysis 271
6.1.1 Basic Lemma of the Pressure-Stages Multi-Effect Coabsorbent Cooling Cycle (PSMECCC) Computation 274
6.1.2 Carnot COP Theorem of the Pressure-Stages Multi-Effect Coabsorbent Cooling Cycle (PSMECCC) 277
6.2 Use Analysis of Water-Lithium Bromide Pressure-Stages Multi-Effect Coabsorbent Cycle (PSMECCC) in Air Conditioning 282
6.2.1 Structure and Heat Exchange Analysis of PSMECCC 283
6.2.2 PSMECCC-Classic Air Conditioning System Link 285
6.2.3 PSMECCC (Heat Source) Energy Savings in Air Conditioning 291
References 297
7 Coabsorbent Cycles Exergy Evaluation 299
7.1 Simple Algorithm of the Heat Pumping Supplied in Cogeneration 301
7.1.1 Steam Rankine Cycle-Coabsorbent Heat Pump Link 303
7.1.2 Steam Rankine Cycle-Coabsorbent Cooling Cycle Link 304
7.2 Exergy Efficiency Algorithm of Coabsorbent Cooling Cycles 305
7.2.1 Exergy Efficiency Results of Coabsorbent and mvc Cooling Cycles 312
7.3 Exergy Efficiency Algorithm of Coabsorbent Heating Cycles 316
7.3.1 Exergy Efficiency Results of Coabsorbent and Mechanical Vapor Compression Heating Cycles 319
7.4 Cogeneration and Trigeneration Exergy Efficiency Algorithm of Coabsorbent Cooling and Heating Cycles 321
References 325
8 A Thermodynamic Approach of Mechanical Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Heating COP Increase 327
8.1 Introduction 327
8.2 Methods of Increasing the Refrigeration Effectiveness and Theirs Ideal Thermodynamic Limits 329
8.2.1 TWRC Method 329
8.2.2 TTRC Method 338
8.3 Refrigeration Cycles Provided with TWRC 340
8.3.1 TWRC (SSRC, CWF) 340
8.3.2 TWRC (SSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 342
8.3.3 TWRC (SSRC) 342
8.3.4 TWRC (TSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 343
8.3.5 TWRC (THSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) and TWRC (MSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 345
8.3.6 Air Liquefaction and Separation Cycles Provided with TWRC 346
8.4 Results of Refrigeration Cycles Provided with TWRC 347
8.4.1 TWRC (SSRC, CWF), TWRC (SSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 349
8.4.2 TWRC (SSRC) 350
8.4.3 TWRC (TSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 351
8.4.4 TWRC (THSRC, CWF, CSTSGS) 352
8.5 Further Results Concerning TWRC Feasibility 352
8.6 Refrigeration Cycles Provided with TTRC 360
8.7 TWRC and TTRC Heat Pumping Theory and Recent Results 361
8.7.1 TWRC and TTRC Heat Pumping Theory 361
8.7.2 TWRC and TTRC Heat Pumping Recent Results 370
References 381
9 A Non-equilibrium Phenomenological Two-Point Theory of Mass and Heat Transfer in Physical and Chemical Interactions 383
9.1 Application to NH3-H2O and Other Working Systems 383
9.1.1 A Non-equilibrium Phenomenological Approach of the Coupled Mass and Heat Transfer in Physical Mono-, Bi- and Particular Polycomponent Gas-liquid Interactions 385
9.1.2 A Non-equilibrium Phenomenological Approach of the Coupled Mass and Heat Transfer in Chemical Interactions 393
9.2 Non-equilibrium Phenomenological Theory Applications. Case Studies of NH3-H2O, NH3, H2O and Other Working Pairs Gas-Liquid Interactions. Case Study of a Chemical Interaction Force 396
9.3 Non-equilibrium (Natural) and Equilibrium (Ideal) Thermodynamical Forces 405
9.4 Modeling of the NH3-H2O Bubble Absorption, Analytical Study of Absorption and Experiments 409
9.4.1 Model of the Bubble Absorption Applying the PhHGD Tool 409
9.4.2 Analytical Study of NH3-H2O Absorption 419
9.4.3 Experimental 422
9.5 A Non-equilibrium Phenomenological (Two-Point) Theory of Mass and Heat Transfer: Forces, System-Source Interactions and Thermodynamic Cycle Applications 422
9.5.1 Natural Forces of the Coupled and Non-coupled Mass and Heat Transfer 424
9.5.2 System-Source Interactions 432
9.5.3 Phenomenological Coefficients of Mixed Transfer and the Theorem Concerning the Maximization Thereof 437
9.5.4 Application of TPT to the Thermodynamic Cycles 441
References 453
10 A New Wording of the Laplace Equation: Variational Numerical and Analytical Approach of the Liquid Capillary Rise Effect 457
10.1 Introduction 457
10.2 A New Wording of the Laplace Equation 457
10.3 Variational Numerical Approach 460
10.4 Analytical Approach 463
References 467
11 Marangoni Convection Basic Mechanism Explanation, Pseudo-Marangoni Cells Model and Absorption-Desorption Mass and Heat Exchangers Model Application 469
11.1 Introduction 469
11.2 True Marangoni Effect Mechanism 469
11.3 Pseudo-Marangoni Ammonia-Water Cell Modeling 474
11.4 Pseudo-Marangoni Ammonia-Water Cell Modeling Results 478
11.5 Pseudo-Marangoni Water-Lithiumbromide Cell Modeling and Modeling Results. 484
11.5.1 TPT Application to the Water-Lithiumbromide Case 484
11.5.2 Pseudo-Marangoni Water-Lithiumbromide Cell Modeling 487
11.5.3 Pseudo-Marangoni Water-Lithiumbromide Cell Modeling Results 489
11.6 Inclined Surface Marangoni Convection Cell Evaluation. Ammonia-Water Absorption-Desorption Mass and Heat Exchangers TPT Model Application 493
11.6.1 Introduction 493
11.6.2 Marangoni-Gravity Forces Dimensionless Criterion 494
11.6.3 Proposed Mass and Heat Exchanger 495
11.6.4 Mass and Heat Exchange Model 496
11.6.5 Model Results 497
References 499
Termen de livrare, 1-15 zile.